What is the difference between settlement colonies and dependent colonies

Kennerly, Samuel, Jr. Hermitage 26 Acres of Land. Staunton Spectator: The Old Plantation, c. Stearns, Junius Brutus. Life of George Washington—The farmer. Lemercier, Paris: c. Washington, George. A plan of my farm on Little Huntg. Library of Congress American Memory Collection.

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Freedom on the Frontier. The Boston Massacre: You be the judge! Historical Background Colonial America depended on the natural environment to meet basic needs of the people and the colony. Lesson Objective How did climate, geographic features, and other available resources distinguish the three colonial regions from each other?

Materials Primary sources printed and divided by colonial region southern, middle, and New England Historical Reading Skills: Student Handout Procedure Hook: Have you ever thought of living in a place that is totally different from here? Take a moment to pick one place that is different from here.

Describe the climate and the weather. Name some natural resources in that environment. Model historical thinking skills: An image of the Boston map is projected and students are asked to list objects they see. Students answer the questions from their PSA question sheet see student worksheet handout by raising their hands.

Teachers explain that some questions might not be appropriate for their picture, but the idea is to do the best they can and fill in as many details as they can. Each group will have pictures from one region. The students must work together to analyze which region they have and discuss the historical thinking questions.

Students present their region to the class and show all of the images. Nancy Shoemaker Oct 1, I n the past several years, settler colonial theory has taken over my field, Native American studies. And settler colonial theory is now dogma. My research on native New England whaling history made me more globally comparative, but it also forced a reckoning that many places experienced colonialism without an influx of foreign settlers.

As scholars parse settler colonialism into its multiple manifestations, colonialism itself remains undifferentiated. Indeed, most of the literature on colonialism explores the history of the plantation colonies of that era. Instead of casting colonialism and settler colonialism as antithetical categories, however, settler colonialism could be considered one variant of colonialism.

There seem to be many. I define colonialism as foreign intrusion or domination. My examples come from US and Pacific history. Settler Colonialism. Large numbers of settlers claim land and become the majority. Planter Colonialism.

Colonizers institute mass production of a single crop, such as sugar, coffee, cotton, or rubber. Though a minority, members of the ruling class might belong to an empire that enables their political, legal, and administrative control.

Extractive Colonialism. All the colonizers want is a raw material found in a particular locale: beaver fur, buffalo hides, gold, guano, sandalwood. The desire for natural history specimens and ethnographic artifacts could also be considered extractive colonialism. A slash-and-burn operation, extractive colonialism does not necessarily entail permanent occupation, but it often seems to follow. Extractive colonizers might destroy or push away indigenous inhabitants to access resources but more typically depend upon native diplomatic mediation, environmental knowledge, and labor.

Trade Colonialism. The territories in question are huge, and settlement often proceeded frontier-style, though processes of urbanization can also be observed from an early stage. With the exception of the Cape Colony, founded in , settler colonies in Africa were not established until the 19th century and led to the dominance of European minorities over the indigenous majority population. Conflicts with local populations erupted over resources claimed by both sides, above all land.

The decolonization of settler colonies in Africa was mostly accompanied by armed conflict. Settler colonies were areas outside Europe in which so many European immigrants voluntarily settled that their numbers were large enough to secure their political dominance , even if they were in a minority among the indigenous population.

In classical antiquity, "colony" specifically meant a compact settlement of emigrants from a polis , or in the Roman context a settlement of army veterans. The term "settler colony" is thus tautological when one takes the meaning of colony as it was used in classical antiquity. We nevertheless use this term because from the 19th century actual settlement became the exception rather than the norm. The concept of colonialism , which only emerged in the late 19th century, has connotations of "foreign rule".

A colony is an "offshoot" of a society, which is established in a distant region. This implies two things: 1. In its early years, a colony does not consist of random individuals thrown together, but of people who have common heritage; this common heritage can be a common kingdom, region or even city of origin, it can be a common religious heritage as in the case of the Puritans, or it can refer to a shared experience, as in the case of the Australian convicts.

Consequently, the group of emigrants brings important institutions from the society of origin with them, which they take as a given and which, due to the relative homogeneity of the emigrants, are not called into question: social hierarchies, settlement forms, political institutions and the legal system. While these institutions are adapted to the new circumstances and colonies are never a carbon copy of the society of origin, precisely these institutions are the cause of many conflicts with the indigenous population.

The latter does not grasp the meaning of these institutions, just as conversely the institutions of the indigenous population are viewed by the settlers as alien, and often also as primitive and incomprehensible.

As a global historical phenomenon, settler colonies are not exclusive to modern European history or to European settlers. There are many other examples of settlements of people in neighbouring or distant territories in global history. The settlers in these colonies were predominantly of European heritage, though in the 19th century Asians also settled in some European colonies. European settler colonies existed from the beginning of European overseas expansion and even the USA can be considered a settler colony up to the end of the 19th century, because it was only then that the free space for settlement disappeared.

In the early modern period, 4 settler colonies were limited to the Atlantic world. The low population density of the indigenous people in large parts of North America and mass mortality among the indigenous populations in the Caribbean and Central and South America as a result of diseases introduced from Europe provided favourable conditions for European settlement there.

It was characterized by strong statehood, and through institutions such as the encomienda — by which whole groups of native Indians and villages were put under the control of participants of the Spanish Conquista — a social hierarchy emerged which disempowered the indigenous population. Brazil , which was settled by the Portuguese, was the only Latin American country which did not have a strong urban character.

With the exception of the Cape Colony , European expansion into the Indian Ocean did not result in settlement because the primary aim was to develop trade relationships. Up to the midth century, European possessions in the region were bases for trade, in which mixed societies quickly emerged.

It was almost exclusively European men who settled in these European bases, and who chose spouses and partners from the indigenous population. In the early modern period, Batavia — present-day Jakarta — was a Chinese city ruled by the Dutch, in which no Javanese lived.

Settlement typically began with the establishment of a bridgehead, usually a harbour city Boston , Cape Town , Sydney , which then served as a base for further expansion into the hinterland. Europeans settled whole continents North and South America , and Australia and large territories Siberia and they emigrated in such large numbers, that by the late 19th century they had marginalized the indigenous population groups.

Northern Ireland is an exception as a settler colony within Europe , which Great Britain established in the period of confessional conflict with the aim of strategically securing British rule in Ireland.

The Cape Colony was the only settler colony of the early modern period in which the settlers not only permanently remained in the minority, but they even became increasingly outnumbered with the expansion of the colony.

This, the immunity of the African population against the diseases introduced by the Europeans, and their stable social and political systems ensured that white people remained in a minority. The mass mortality of the Khoikhoi population of South Africa from smallpox in the 18th century was an exception. A second African settler colony did not emerge until the conquest of Algeria in and the migration of French, Spanish, Maltese and Italian settlers to the northern African territory from about Other settler colonies in Africa were only established after the so-called "scramble for Africa", the rapid division of almost the entire continent between the European powers in the s.

South Africa and Algeria had the largest numbers of settlers — more than a million in each country. The controlling power of the state was noticeable both in the establishment of bridgeheads, from which further settlement proceeded, and in the subsequent arrival of further settlers. In many cases, the first settlements on an overseas territory were organized and controlled by the military and civilian elites , while the actual settlers themselves were either prisoners or paupers.

For example, North America, which subsequently became synonymous with liberty, was primarily settled by indentured labourers during the early modern period.

They were unfree workers, as they were subject to the Masters and Servants Laws and the employers enjoyed extensive patriarchal authority over them. New South Wales , as the first settlement in Australia, consisted of convicts under military supervision. Thus, the Red River Settlement present-day Manitoba in North America was a private settlement initiative undertaken by the Scottish Lord Thomas Douglas Selkirk — , who wished to strengthen the territorial position of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he was a leading member.

However, the dominance of the conservative elites around the Anglican bishop John Strachan — was not to last due to the arrival of further new migrants. Two rebellions which coincidentally broke out at the same time — in — in French Lower Canada and in British Upper Canada resulted in a comprehensive reform of the institutions, which was recommended by John George Lambton, Lord Durham — [ ] , after his detailed investigation and famous report.

Social conflicts emerged in almost all of the settler colonies, initially between settlers and the indigenous population, but also within the settler communities themselves. In spite of the egalitarian image that settler communities had of themselves, class tensions emerged with the commercialization of agriculture — in the form of sheep rearing in Australia, for example — and industrialization.

In the late 19th century, these class tensions gave rise to conflicts, which were in some cases severe, and resulted in the emergence of unions and workers' parties in the early 20th century. A divide emerged between the English, Protestant commercial elite in the capital St. John's and the predominantly Irish Catholic fishermen who lived in numerous small isolated villages along the coast, and who were kept in a state of dependency by means of contracts of adhesion and credit.

It was not until William Coaker — organized the Fishermen's Protective Union in the early 20th century that reforms were initiated in the form of legislation. The settler colonies soon became different from the societies of origin in Europe.

In the colonies, land was freely available as private property and it thus became a commodity in the colonies earlier than in Europe itself. The USA in particular became a magnet for immigrants as a result of the Homestead Act passed in , which granted 65 hectares of land to each new settler.

For many involved, the ownership of their own land was like obtaining new freedom, as they did not have to pay dues or enter into a relationship of dependency with a landlord and they could make their own commercial decisions.

Nevertheless, large-scale land ownership emerged over time, for example in South Africa, where in the small colony of Natal companies and land speculators accumulated a lot of land, which they leased to farmers. Due to the easy access to and the commodification of land, dynamic agricultural economies emerged in the late 19th century in countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile and South Africa, 30 whose economic development was made possible by new technologies, such as the exportation of Argentinian beef on refrigerator ships.

In the medium term, the settlers were not satisfied with remaining the suppliers of raw materials for the European economies. Instead, they followed the example of European urbanization, industrialization and commercial forms of agriculture, though the concrete manifestations of these in the colonies often differed considerably from the European models.

Due to their greater influence, which on the one hand was due to familial and social networks reaching back to Europe and on the other hand to their privileged status as members of the "higher European race", settler colonies found it much easier to do this than the indigenous inhabitants of other colonies. In the African settler colonies, the settlers established a system of privileges which treated the indigenous population very unequally, even though equality among the settlers was considered a given.

This was also the case in the USA and Australia, where the settlers soon constituted an overwhelming majority of the population. How settler power was structured depended to a large degree on the situation at the time the colony was established. Where settlement did not occur until after conquest, it was more difficult for the settlers to instrumentalise the administrative regime for their own purposes than in cases where settlement and colonial administration began at the same time.

In Algeria, it took the settlers nearly 40 years to gain the upper hand in their relationship with the French military administration, 31 and even in Rhodesia , where the British South African Company acted in a fairly settler-friendly way, it took the settlers years to get the already established power structures working in their favour.

Where seizure and settlement proceeded simultaneously, as it did in North America and South Africa, the colonial administration saw itself from the beginning as an advocate for the settlers.

In Australia, it took some time before the administration represented the settlers in this way, which was due in part to the convict status of the initial settlers. In Siberia, conditions were considerably more complicated since the first settlers were Cossacks, while during the course of the 19th century convicts and banished people, who had lost most of their rights, constituted an increasing proportion of the settler population.