Why is nanotechnology used in cosmetics

Silica: Nanoized silica may lead to pregnancy complications when injected intravenously into pregnant mice. It also appears nanoized silica can cross the placenta, leading to deposits in the fetal liver and fetal brain. Carbon Black: Ultrafine carbon black particles may alter genes in lung cells, lead to inflammation and inhibit the growth of cells that line the circulatory system.

Avoid loose cosmetic powders and aerosol sunscreen products that contain nanoized TiO2 or ZnO. Food and Drug Administration. Penetration of intact skin by quantum dots with diverse physicochemical properties.

Toxicological Sciences. Long-term clearance kinetics of inhaled ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from the rat lung, including transient translocation into secondary organs. Inhal Toxicol 16 Efficient elimination of inhaled nanoparticles from the alveolar region: evidence for interstitial uptake and subsequent reentrainment onto airways epithelium.

Environ Health Perspect. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol ; Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system. Environ Health Perspect ; 8 Health implications of nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res a; Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation a; 4 Ultrafine particles affect experimental thrombosis in an in vivo hamster model.

Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particle following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health ; 65 20 Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. Ultrafine particles exert prothrombotic but not inflammatory effects on the hepatic microcirculation in healthy mice in vivo.

Circulation ; 10 Effects of particulate air pollution on hemostasis. Clin Occup Environ Med. The pharmacology of particulate matter air pollution-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. Extra category is created by some jurisdiction to accommodate cosmeceuticals or borderline products.

For improving safety and evaluation of functional cosmetics KFDA is responsible [ ]. New Zealand. Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods registers the therapeutic goods [ ].

Cosmeceuticals are not recognized as an independent cosmetic category; Canadian health authorities have identified Category V to accommodate products falling in category of both cosmetics and drugs. Less regulatory requirements are required for regulation of these products.

European Union. EU does not have category to be called cosmeceuticals, but it has stringent laws in which any claims made by the company are required to be submitted as a proof. According to new regulation by EU, manufacturers have to list the nanoparticles contained in the product which has to be marketed with European Union.

Special use cosmetics have to undergo safety and health quality test such as microbiology, toxicology test, chronic toxicity, carcinogenic test, and conducting safe-for-human-use trials. Imported cosmetics are classified into two categories: ordinary cosmetics and special use cosmetics. If the FDA finds out that there is safety issue regarding use of any cosmetic or the ingredient including nanoparticles, FDA has authority to prohibit the sale and manufacturing of the product or various other options like ban on ingredients, seizing unsafe products, warning letters, and mandatory warning labels and even ban of the product worldwide.

New research strategy has been issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA so as to proactively examine the impact on environment and human health due to nanoparticles being used in cosmetics, sunscreens, paints, and so on [ ].

Under this agency, focus is on the research on seven types of manufactured nanomaterials: titanium dioxide, silver nanoparticles, nanotubes, cerium oxide, fullerenes, and zero-valent [ ]. Scientific committee on Consumer Products SCCP has raised concern over use of insoluble nanoparticles used in cosmetics that are applied topically because of the toxicity reasons.

Simultaneously it has also expressed the desire for the conduction of more research in this field to address the chronic effects which may arise as a result of long-term use by people all over the globe [ ]. Nanotechnology is considered to be the most promising and revolutionizing field. Over the last dozen of years, nanotechnology is widely being used and is beneficial in the field of dermatology, cosmetics, and biomedical applications as well.

New technologies and novel delivery systems have been invented by scientists, which are currently being used in the manufacture of cosmeceuticals. By the increase in use of cosmeceuticals, the conventional delivery systems are being replaced by the novel delivery systems. Novel nanocarriers which are currently being used are liposomes, niosomes, NLC, SLNs, gold nanoparticles, nanoemulsion, and nanosomes in various cosmeceuticals.

These novel delivery systems have remarkable potential in achieving various aspects like controlled and targeted drug delivery, site specificity, better stability, biocompatibility, prolonged action, and higher drug-loading capacity.

There is lack of convincing evidences for the claims of effectiveness, so industries are required to provide them. There are huge controversies regarding the toxicity and safety of the nanomaterials; various researches are being carried out to determine the possible health hazard and toxicity. Meticulous studies on the safety profile of the nanomaterials are required. Nanoproducts should be fabricated in such a way that their value and health of the customers are improved.

Clinical trials are not required for the approval of cosmeceuticals so the manufacturers enjoy the benefit and avoid holding clinical trials and lengthy procedures. Lastly, stringent laws should be imposed on the regulation and safety of cosmeceuticals and nanoparticles used in them. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors.

Read the winning articles. Academic Editor: Xiqun Jiang. Received 29 Dec Accepted 21 Feb Published 27 Mar Abstract Nanotechnology manifests the progression in the arena of research and development, by increasing the efficacy of the product through delivery of innovative solutions. Introduction Nanotechnology is regarded as the most imminent technology of 21st century and is contemplated as a big boon in the cosmetic industry.

Figure 1. Pictorial presentation of positive aspects of nanocosmeceuticals. Figure 2. Pictorial presentation of negative aspects of nanocosmeceuticals. Figure 3. Pictorial presentation of various nanocarriers for cosmeceuticals. Table 1. Figure 4. Pictorial presentation of positive aspects of liposomes.

Table 2. Figure 5. Table 3. Various marketed formulations of solid lipid nanoparticles. Figure 6. Table 4. List of marketed products, manufacturers, and uses of NLC. Figure 7. Table 5. Figure 8. Table 6. Figure 9. Table 7. Marketed formulation of nanospheres [ 10 ]. Figure Favorable aspects of nanospheres [ 14 ].

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